Follow Us
माध्यम चुनें / Select Medium:
Eng (English) Hindi (हिन्दी)
CBSE • कक्षा XI • Mathematics • अध्याय 4
अनुमानित समय: 45 Mins
प्रगति: अध्ययनरत

सम्मिश्र संख्याएं और द्विघातीय समीकरण

In Class 11 Mathematics, "Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations" provides an authoritative, curriculum-verified master resource aligned with the 2026–27 NCERT syllabus.

⚡ Have You Ever Wondered?

What happens when you need to take the square root of a negative number like $\sqrt{-1}$, which high-school algebra said was strictly impossible? Eule...

What happens when you need to take the square root of a negative number like $\sqrt{-1}$, which high-school algebra said was strictly impossible? Euler's imaginary unit $i$ opened a two-dimensional mathematical universe that models alternating electrical currents.

यह अध्याय क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है

In Class 11 Mathematics, "Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations" provides an authoritative, curriculum-verified master resource aligned with the 2026–27 NCERT syllabus.

अध्ययन से पूर्व (आवश्यक ज्ञान)

  • Real numbers and square roots.
  • Quadratic formula from Class 10.
  • Cartesian coordinates.

इस अध्याय के लक्ष्य

  • Define the imaginary unit $i = \sqrt{-1}$ and powers of $i$ ($i^2 = -1, i^3 = -i, i^4 = 1$).
  • Represent complex numbers in standard form $z = a + ib$ (Real and Imaginary parts).
  • Perform arithmetic: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and conjugate division.
  • Compute the Modulus $|z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}$ and Conjugate $\bar{z} = a - ib$.
  • Solve quadratic equations with negative discriminants ($D < 0$) in the complex domain.

अध्याय रूपरेखा एवं प्रगति

1 1. The Imaginary Unit $i$ & Standar...
2 2. Modulus & Conjugate
3 3. Quadratic Equations with Negativ...

सम्पूर्ण सैद्धांतिक एवं वैचारिक अध्ययन

1. The Imaginary Unit $i$ & Standard Form

To solve equations like $x^2 + 1 = 0$, mathematicians defined the imaginary unit $i$ such that: $$\mathbf{i = \sqrt{-1} \implies i^2 = -1, \quad i^3 = -i, \quad i^4 = 1}$$ A Complex Number is written as $\mathbf{z = a + ib}$, where $a = \text{Re}(z)$ and $b = \text{Im}(z)$ are real numbers.

2. Modulus & Conjugate

  • Conjugate ($\bar{z}$): $\bar{z} = a - ib$ (reflection across real axis).
  • Modulus ($|z|$): Distance from the origin in the Argand Plane: $$\mathbf{|z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}} \quad \text{and} \quad \mathbf{z \cdot \bar{z} = |z|^2}$$
  • Multiplicative Inverse ($z^{-1}$): $z^{-1} = \frac{\bar{z}}{|z|^2} = \frac{a - ib}{a^2 + b^2}$.

3. Quadratic Equations with Negative Discriminant

When discriminant $D = b^2 - 4ac < 0$, roots are complex conjugate pairs: $$\mathbf{x = \frac{-b \pm i\sqrt{4ac - b^2}}{2a}}$$

चित्रात्मक व्याख्या एवं मॉडल

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations Master Matrix

Conceptual framework, core mechanisms, and analytical relationships
Academic Architecture

1. The Imaginary Unit $i$ & Standard Form • 2. Modulus & Conjugate

अध्याय का सार संक्षेप एवं 10 मुख्य निष्कर्ष

मुख्य बिंदु 1
Imaginary Unit ($i$): $\sqrt{-1}$; cyclical powers of $i$ with period 4.
मुख्य बिंदु 2
Argand Plane: Two-dimensional plane plotting real part on x-axis and imaginary part on y-axis.
मुख्य बिंदु 3
Conjugate ($\bar{z}$): Flipping the imaginary sign to produce a strictly real product $z\bar{z} = |z|^2$.
मुख्य बिंदु 4
Modulus ($|z|$): Euclidean distance from origin in the complex coordinate plane.
मुख्य बिंदु 5
Complex Roots: Quadratic equations with $D < 0$ always yield twin conjugate solutions.

स्व-मूल्यांकन अभ्यास (Check Your Understanding)

मूल वैचारिक स्पष्टता की जांच के लिए नैदानिक प्रश्न। पहले स्वयं हल करें, फिर उत्तर देखें।

1
Evaluate the value of $i^{243}$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $243 = 4 \times 60 + 3$. Therefore, $i^{243} = (i^4)^{60} \cdot i^3 = 1^{60} \cdot (-i) = -i$.
-i.
2
Express $\frac{2 + 3i}{1 - 2i}$ in the standard form $a + ib$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: Multiply numerator and denominator by conjugate $(1 + 2i)$: $\frac{(2+3i)(1+2i)}{(1-2i)(1+2i)} = \frac{2 + 4i + 3i + 6i^2}{1 - 4i^2} = \frac{2 + 7i - 6}{1 + 4} = \frac{-4 + 7i}{5} = -\frac{4}{5} + \frac{7}{5}i$.
-4/5 + 7/5 i.
3
Find the multiplicative inverse of $4 - 3i$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $z^{-1} = \frac{\bar{z}}{|z|^2} = \frac{4 + 3i}{4^2 + (-3)^2} = \frac{4 + 3i}{25} = \frac{4}{25} + \frac{3}{25}i$.
4/25 + 3/25 i.
4
Solve the quadratic equation: $x^2 + x + 1 = 0$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $a=1, b=1, c=1$. Discriminant $D = 1^2 - 4(1)(1) = -3$. Roots $x = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{-3}}{2} = \frac{-1 \pm i\sqrt{3}}{2}$.
x = (-1 ± i√3) / 2.
5
If $z_1 = 2 - i$ and $z_2 = 1 + i$, find $|z_1 + z_2 + 1|$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $z_1 + z_2 + 1 = (2 - i) + (1 + i) + 1 = 4 + 0i = 4$. Modulus $|4| = 4$.
4.
अध्याय का अध्ययन पूर्ण हुआ?
अभ्यास के लिए तैयार?

ऑनलाइन CBT टेस्ट देकर तैयारी का मूल्यांकन करें

झारखण्ड बोर्ड परीक्षा पैटर्न पर आधारित बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्नों का ऑनलाइन टेस्ट दें। तुरंत परिणाम, समय विश्लेषण और प्रत्येक प्रश्न का विस्तृत हल प्राप्त करें।

AI अध्ययन मित्र

त्वरित शंका समाधान

सम्मिश्र संख्याएं और द्विघातीय समीकरण में कोई संदेह या प्रश्न है? हमारे AI अध्ययन मित्र से तुरंत समझें।