📦 Have You Ever Wondered?
How do 3D game engines pinpoint a flying helicopter in virtual space using $(x, y, z)$ coordinates, and how does the universe split into eight octants...
How do 3D game engines pinpoint a flying helicopter in virtual space using $(x, y, z)$ coordinates, and how does the universe split into eight octants? 3D geometry extends coordinate systems into the physical world.
यह अध्याय क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है
In Class 11 Mathematics, "Introduction to Three-Dimensional Geometry" provides an authoritative, curriculum-verified master resource aligned with the 2026–27 NCERT syllabus.
अध्ययन से पूर्व (आवश्यक ज्ञान)
- 2D Cartesian coordinate plane.
- Distance formula and section formula in 2D.
- Right-hand rule.
इस अध्याय के लक्ष्य
- Identify Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes ($xy, yz, zx$ planes) dividing space into 8 Octants.
- Determine coordinates of points in three-dimensional space.
- Apply the 3D Distance Formula: $d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2 + (z_2 - z_1)^2}$.
- Apply the 3D Section Formula for internal and external division.
- Find coordinates of the Centroid of a triangle in 3D space.
अध्याय रूपरेखा एवं प्रगति
1
1. Coordinates & The Eight Octants
2
2. 3D Distance Formula
3
3. Section Formula & Centroid
सम्पूर्ण सैद्धांतिक एवं वैचारिक अध्ययन
1. Coordinates & The Eight Octants
Three mutually perpendicular axes ($X, Y, Z$) meet at origin $O(0, 0, 0)$. The three coordinate planes ($XY, YZ, ZX$) partition space into Eight Octants.
• Points on $XY$-plane have $z = 0$.
• Points on $X$-axis have coordinates $(x, 0, 0)$.
2. 3D Distance Formula
The Euclidean distance between $P(x_1, y_1, z_1)$ and $Q(x_2, y_2, z_2)$ is: $$\mathbf{PQ = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2 + (z_2 - z_1)^2}}$$
3. Section Formula & Centroid
Point $R$ dividing $PQ$ in ratio $m : n$ internally: $$\mathbf{R = \left( \frac{mx_2 + nx_1}{m+n}, \frac{my_2 + ny_1}{m+n}, \frac{mz_2 + nz_1}{m+n} \right)}$$ Midpoint: $\left(\frac{x_1+x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1+y_2}{2}, \frac{z_1+z_2}{2}\right)$.
Centroid of triangle: $\mathbf{G = \left(\frac{x_1+x_2+x_3}{3}, \frac{y_1+y_2+y_3}{3}, \frac{z_1+z_2+z_3}{3}\right)}$.
स्व-मूल्यांकन अभ्यास (Check Your Understanding)
मूल वैचारिक स्पष्टता की जांच के लिए नैदानिक प्रश्न। पहले स्वयं हल करें, फिर उत्तर देखें।
1
In which octant do the points $(-3, 1, 2)$ and $(2, -4, -7)$ lie?
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $(-3, 1, 2)$ has $x<0, y>0, z>0 \implies$ Octant II. $(2, -4, -7)$ has $x>0, y<0, z<0 \implies$ Octant VIII.
Octant II and Octant VIII.
2
Find the distance between the points $P(1, -3, 4)$ and $Q(-4, 1, 2)$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $d = \sqrt{(-4-1)^2 + (1 - (-3))^2 + (2-4)^2} = \sqrt{(-5)^2 + 4^2 + (-2)^2} = \sqrt{25 + 16 + 4} = \sqrt{45} = 3\sqrt{5}\text{ units}$.
3√5 units.
3
Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining $(-2, 3, 5)$ and $(1, -4, 6)$ in the ratio $2 : 3$ internally.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $x = \frac{2(1) + 3(-2)}{2+3} = -\frac{4}{5}$; $y = \frac{2(-4) + 3(3)}{5} = \frac{1}{5}$; $z = \frac{2(6) + 3(5)}{5} = \frac{27}{5}$. Point is $(-\frac{4}{5}, \frac{1}{5}, \frac{27}{5})$.
(-4/5, 1/5, 27/5).
4
Find the centroid of a triangle with vertices $(3, -5, 7)$, $(-1, 7, -6)$, and $(1, 1, 2)$.
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: $G = (\frac{3 - 1 + 1}{3}, \frac{-5 + 7 + 1}{3}, \frac{7 - 6 + 2}{3}) = (\frac{3}{3}, \frac{3}{3}, \frac{3}{3}) = (1, 1, 1)$.
(1, 1, 1).
5
What are the coordinates of the projection of point $(4, 7, 9)$ onto the $xy$-plane?
उत्तर एवं व्याख्या देखें
उत्तर: On the $xy$-plane, $z = 0$. The projection is $(4, 7, 0)$.
(4, 7, 0).